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改变心理学的40项研究从历史的角度（第8版，英文版）展示了40项经典的心理学研究以及由其所开拓的新领域，同时也向我们展示了心理学这一学科从诞生到当今快速发展这一神奇的演化过程。 20多年来，《改变心理学的40项研究》一直是各高等院校心理学专业的主流教材，同时也是普通读者了解心理学的入门读物。本书先后被翻译成6种语言，在世界各地出版发行。第8版做了许多重要而实质性的变化和补充，全面更新了每个研究末尾的近期应用部分。本书论及的40项研究，每年都有超过1 000篇学术论文的引用。阅读本书，你能够感受到这些经典研究在心理学发展历程中的重要地位。

《改变心理学的40项研究》（第8版，英文版）共分为10个专题，包括“生物学与人类行为”“感觉与意识”“学习与条件作用”“智力、认知与记忆”“毕生发展”“情绪与动机”“人格”“心理障碍”“心理治疗”和“社会心理学”。每个专题下选取了4项经典研究。每项研究的内容包括：题目、作者、原始出处、问题提出的背景、理论假设、研究方法、结果、讨论、意义与批评、近期应用和参考文献。

1 Biology and Human Behavior 1

2 Perception and Consciousness 35

3 Learning and Conditioning 67

4 Intelligence, Cognition, and Memory 96

5 Human Development 131

6 Emotion and Motivation 164

7 Personality 196

8 Psychopathology 232

9 Psychotherapy 264

10 Social Psychology 294

Author Index 328

Subject Index 336

罗杰·霍克（Roger R. Hock）博士是美国门多西诺学院（Mendocino College）的心理学教授，在心理学方面有30多年教学经验。在教学过程中，他发现大多数心理学教科书因篇幅有限，无法详细介绍作为学科基础的研究过程，于是筹备本书以填补教科书与科学研究之间的沟壑。1992年出版本书的第1版之后，好评如潮且备受关注。霍克站在学科发展的高度，纵观心理学研究的发展历程，精心筛选出对心理学发展影响、文献引用较多且至今仍受关注的40项研究，范围涵盖广泛，介绍全面详实。

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第8版做了许多重要而实质性的变化和补充，全面更新了每个研究末尾的近期应用部分。

书摘插图

You are probably aware that the two halves (or hemispheres) of your brain are not the same and that they perform different functions. For example, in general, the left side of yourbrain is responsible for movement on the right side of your body, and vice versa. Beyond this, though, the two brain hemispheres have much more elaborate specialized abilities.

It has come to be rather common knowledge that for most of us, the left brain controls our ability to use language while the right is involved in spatial relationships, such as those needed for artistic activities. Stroke or head-injury patients who suffer damage to the left side of the brain will often lose, to varying degrees, their ability to speak (often this skill returns with therapy and training). Some researchers believe that each hemisphere of your brain may actually be a separate mental system with its own individual abilities for learning, remembering, perceiving the world, and feeling emotions. The concepts underlying this view of the brain rest on early scientific research on the effects of splitting the brain into two separate hemispheres.

This research was pioneered by Roger W. Sperry (1913–1994), beginning about 15 years prior to the article examined in this chapter. In his early work with animal subjects, Sperry made many remarkable discoveries. For example, in one series of studies, cats’ brains were surgically altered to sever the connection between the two halves of the brain and to alter the optic nerves so that the left eye transmitted information only to the left hemisphere and the right eye only to the right hemisphere. Following surgery, the cats appeared to behave normally and exhibited virtually with no ill effects. Then, with the right eye covered, the cats learned a new behavior, such as walking through a short maze to find food. After the cats became skilled at maneuvering through the maze, the eye cover was shifted to the cats’ left eyes. Now, when the cats were placed back in the maze, their right brains had no idea where to turn, and the animals had to relearn the entire maze from the beginning.

Sperry conducted many related studies over the next 30 years, and in 1981 he received the Nobel Prize for his work on the specialized abilities of the two hemispheres of the brain. When his research endeavors turned to human participants in the early 1960s, he was joined in his work at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) by Michael Gazzaniga. Although Sperry is considered to be the founder of split-brain research, Gazzaniga’s article has been chosen here because it is a clear, concise summary of their early collaborative work with human participants and it, along with other related research by Gazzaniga, is cited often in psychology texts. Its selection is in no way intended to overlook or overshadow either Sperry’s leadership in this field or his great contributions. Gazzaniga owes his early research, and his discoveries in the area of hemispheric specialization, to Roger W. Sperry (see Sperry, 1968; Puente, 1995).

To understand split-brain research, some knowledge of human physiology is required. The two hemispheres of your brain are in constant communication with one another via the corpus callosum, a structure made up of about 200 million nerve fibers (Figure 1.1.1). If your corpus callosum is cut, this major line of communication is disrupted, and the two halves of your brain must function then independently. If we want to study each half of your brain separately, “all” we need to do is surgically sever your corpus callosum.

媒体评论

对于初学心理学的人来说，大多数人很想读一读心理学的经典研究，充实和提高自己。但是，在具体的实践过程中，常常是将经典研究读了一半，大部分人就放弃了。因为每一项研究，既包括了许多专业术语，又包括了理论假设、实验方法、实验设计、数据的统计分析、结果的分析讨论和结论等等，真是“太难了”，让读它的人感到眼花缭乱、无所适从。

然而，《改变心理学的40项研究》一书的出现，使一切发生了改变。

作者不仅是一位心理学家，而且也是位优秀的教育家和作家，用自己简练的思维和那支“生花的”妙笔，将“枯燥的”心理学经典研究变成了一个又一个“引人入胜的”故事。阅读此书，会将你逐渐带入神秘的心理世界，在揭开心理学神秘面纱的同时，也会让你感到心理学将不再“枯燥”、不再“远离实际”， 也不再“高不可攀”。同时，阅读这些经典研究，还会让你折服于心理学大师们的绝妙思路和天才的想法。

——白学军，教授、博士生导师

书籍介绍

本书从历史的角度，展示了40项经典的心理学研究以及由其所开拓的新领域，同时也向我们展示了心理学这一学科从诞生到当今快速发展这一神奇的演化过程。 20多年来，《改变心理学的40项研究》一直是各高等院校心理学专业的主流教材，同时也是普通读者了解心理学的入门读物。本书先后被翻译成6种语言，在世界各地出版发行。第8版做了许多重要而实质性的变化和补充，全面更新了每个研究末尾的近期应用部分。本书论及的40项研究，每年都有超过1 000篇学术论文的引用。阅读本书，你能够感受到这些经典研究在心理学发展历程中的重要地位。

《改变心理学的40项研究》（第8版，英文版）共分为10个专题，包括“生物学与人类行为”“感觉与意识”“学习与条件作用”“智力、认知与记忆”“毕生发展”“情绪与动机”“人格”“心理障碍”“心理治疗”和“社会心理学”。每个专题下选取了4项经典研究。每项研究的内容包括：题目、作者、原始出处、问题提出的背景、理论假设、研究方法、结果、讨论、意义与批评、近期应用和参考文献。